Definisi Demokrasi

Demokrasi menunjuk kekuasaan atau aturan lengkap oleh rakyat. Istilah ini berasal dari bahasa Yunani δημοκρατία dēmokratía , "pemerintahan populer". Demokratia terdiri dari kata δῆμος (dêmos), "rakyat" and κράτος (krátos), "aturan, kekuatan". Pertengahan abad 5-4 SM menunjukkan sistem politik yangada di beberapa negara kota Yunani, khususnya Athens atau Athena yang kemudian menjadi populer tahun 508 BC.

Dalam teori politik, demokrasi menggambarkan sejumlah kecil bentuk pemerintahan dan juga filsafat politik. Walaupun tidak ada definisi spesifik yangditerima secara universal, ada 2 prinsip demokrasi yaitu persamaan dan kebebasan.

Prinsip-prinsip ini direfleksikan oleh semua warga negara sebagai "sama di hadapan hukum" dan mempunyai akses yang sama untuk kekuasaan. Sebagai tambahan, semua warga negara dapat menikmati kebebasan yang terlegitimasi dan kemerdekaan yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang.

Ada beberapa variasi demokrasi. Beberapa memberikan perwakilan dan kebebasan lebih pada warga negaranya. Tetapi jika demokrasi tidak dilegislasi secara hati-hati untuk menghindari distribusi yang tidak wajar atas kekuasaan politik yang tidak wajar seperti adanya pemisahan kekuatan, maka cabang sistem aturan akan mengakumulasi kekuasaan dengan keseimbangan dan membahayakan demokrasi itu sendiri.

"Aturan mayoritas" sering digambarkan sebagai karakteristik demokrasi, tetapi tanpa pemerintah yangbertanggung jawab atau proteksi konstitusi atas kemerdekaan individu dari kekuasaan demokrasi yang memungkinkan untuk ketidak sepakatan individu menjadi tertindas oleh "tirani mayoritas". Sebuah proses utama dalam demokrasi perwakilan adalah pemilu yang kompetitif yaitu jujur dalam substansi dan prosedur.

Lebih jauh lagi, kebebasan untuk berekspresi politik, kebebasan berbicara dan kebebasan pers adaalh penting sehingga warga negara memperoleh informasi dan mudah menentukan pilihan sesuai dengan kepentingan dirinya sendiri. Kekuasaan atau pemerintahan yang populer adala biasa tapi bukan filsafat yangberlaku secara universal untuk mendirikan demokrasi.

Di beberapa negara, demokrasi berdasarkan prinsip persamaan hak. Banyak orang yang menggunakan istilah demokrasi sebagai singkatan dari demokrasi liberal yang termasuk di dalamnya pluralisme politik, persamaan di depan hukum, hak untuk mengajukan petisi atas pemerintahan terpilih untuk memperbaiki keluhan,

the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances, due process, civil liberties, human rights, and elements of civil society outside the government. In the United States, separation of powers is often cited as a supporting attribute, but in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the dominant philosophy is parliamentary sovereignty (though in practice judicial independence is generally maintained). In other cases, "democracy" is used to mean direct democracy. Though the term "democracy" is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles are also applicable to private organizations and other groups.Democracy has its origins in Ancient Greece. However other cultures have significantly contributed to the evolution of democracy such as Ancient Rome, Europe, and North and South America. Democracy has been called the "last form of government" and has spread considerably across the globe. The Right to vote has been expanded in many Jurisdictions over time from relatively narrow groups (such as wealthy men of a particular ethnic group), with New Zealand the first nation to grant universal suffrage for all its citizens. Suffrage still remains a controversial issue with regard to disputed territories, areas with significant immigration, and countries that exclude certain demographic groups.


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Kotak Kosong sebelum Penghitungan Suara

Setelah surat suara dikeluarkan untuk dihitung, maka kotak suara yang sudah kosong tersebut ditunjukkan kepada masyarakat umum, saksi partai atau kandidat dan pemantau yang ada. 

Tujuannya agar para hadirin mengetahui bahwa tidak ada lagi surat suara yang tertinggal di dalam kotak suara. 

Duluuuu, ditengarai (dicurigai) ada sejumlah surat suara yang tidak ikut dihitung. Bisa jadi surat suara tersebut sudah ditandai dicontreng atau dicoblos oleh pemilih yang tidak pro dengan kandidat atau partai tertentu. 

Setelah dihitung dan ada ketidakcocokan jumlah, maka oknum petugas KPPS akan memasukkan surat suara yang sudah dicoblos dan dicontreng sesuai pesanan bosnya. 

Karena itulah, untuk menghindari kecurigaan yang masih melekat dan untuk transparansi, maka menunjukkan kotak suara yang sudah kosong setelah isinya dikeluarkan menjadi sebuah keharusan.

Kotak suara kosong ditunjukkan oleh seorang petugas KPPS. The empty ballot box shown by the poll officer.
Lokasi : Kelurahan Menteng Dalam, Kecamatan Tebet, Jakarta Selatan, Rabu, 11 Juli 2012. 

After the ballot papers are taken out to be counted, the empty ballot box will be shown to the audience of counting process : Party or candidate agents, observer and common people or voter surrounding the Polling Station.  


The aim is to show to the audience that there is no ballot paper left inside the box.  


Once upon a time (ha, ha, ha, it is like children story) some people suspected that some ballot papers were left with purpose they were not to be counted. It could be, that those ballot papers were voted by some voters who had different preferences as the poll officers.

After counting there was of course different numbers between the registered voters and the counted ballot papers. The poll officers would add with their own ballot papers, that were already voted for their own favorite candidate or party.      


That's why, to avoid this suspect and for transparency the whole process, the poll officer should show the empty ballot box before the voting and before the counting.



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Definition of Democracy

Democracy can denote either the power or complete rule by the people. The term is derived from the Greek δημοκρατία dēmokratía , "popular government", which was coined from δῆμος (dêmos), "people" and κράτος (krátos), "rule, strength" in the middle of the fifth-fourth century BC to denote the political systems then existing in some Greek city-states, notably Athens following a popular uprising in 508 BC.

In political theory, democracy describes a small number of related forms of government and also a political philosophy. Even though there is no specific, universally accepted definition of 'democracy', there are two principles that any definition of democracy includes, equality and freedom. These principles are reflected by all citizens being equal before the law, and have equal access to power. Additionally, all citizens are able to enjoy legitimized freedoms and liberties, which are usually protected by the constitution.

There are several varieties of democracy, some of which provide better representation and more freedoms for their citizens than others. However, if any democracy is not carefully legislated to avoid an uneven distribution of political power with balances, such as the separation of powers, then a branch of the system of rule could accumulate power and become harmful to the democracy itself. The "majority rule" is often described as a characteristic feature of democracy, but without responsible government or constitutional protections of individual liberties from democratic power it is possible for dissenting individuals to be oppressed by the "tyranny of the majority". An essential process in representative democracies are competitive elections, that are fair both substantively and procedurally. Furthermore, freedom of political expression, freedom of speech and freedom of the press are essential so that citizens are informed and able to vote in their personal interests.

Popular sovereignty is common but not a universal motivating philosophy for establishing a democracy. In some countries, democracy is based on the philosophical principle of equal rights. Many people use the term "democracy" as shorthand for liberal democracy, which may include additional elements such as political pluralism, equality before the law, the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances, due process, civil liberties, human rights, and elements of civil society outside the government. In the United States, separation of powers is often cited as a supporting attribute, but in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the dominant philosophy is parliamentary sovereignty (though in practice judicial independence is generally maintained). In other cases, "democracy" is used to mean direct democracy. Though the term "democracy" is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles are also applicable to private organizations and other groups.

Democracy has its origins in Ancient Greece. However other cultures have significantly contributed to the evolution of democracy such as Ancient Rome, Europe, and North and South America. Democracy has been called the "last form of government" and has spread considerably across the globe. The Right to vote has been expanded in many Jurisdictions over time from relatively narrow groups (such as wealthy men of a particular ethnic group), with New Zealand the first nation to grant universal suffrage for all its citizens. Suffrage still remains a controversial issue with regard to disputed territories, areas with significant immigration, and countries that exclude certain demographic groups.


Note dari penulis :

Tertarik ingin punya bisnis sendiri???? Gampang caranya. Add akun Facebook saya yang ada di sebelah kanan atau kiri artikel ini.  

Kalau sudah jadi friend saya di Facebook, nanti saya undang ke pertemuan bisnis kami. Tenang, kalau cuma hadir di pertemuan bisnis, gak perlu bayar. Pertemuannya juga online, lewat Facebook. Jadi gak perlu keluar rumah, dan kalau lagi di luar rumah, gak perlu batalin janji. Kan bisa lewat handphone. Asyik, kan. Yuk, gabung yuk.